Factors That Lead Sentencing Of An Offender - 1487 Words

Judges are chosen to hold the fate of many individuals in the palm of their hands. The famous saying â€Å"with great power, comes great responsibility,† is true and practiced evermore in the court room. Whether a judge is appointed or elected, there are many factors that can influence a judge’s decision in pretrial and in sentencing. In this research paper, I will share some of the most common factors that influences a judge’s discretion, and also the ways the factors result sentencing of an offender. Furthermore, I will bring to attention some of the more controversial factors and ways they have influenced the outcome of the court process. I have been lucky enough to observe judges’ roles in decision-making, diversion of a case, and sentencing, from a probation standpoint. Throughout my career, I have conducted many presentence reports, pretrial reports, and have given many sentencing recommendations to judges and prosecutors. I will share some of my expertise and findings but will focus mostly on research published on collegiate and lawful publishing. I will share these findings in three sections: pretrial release and conditions, issuance of bail, and sentencing. Pretrial Firstly, it is important to note that it is possible for the same judge to make different decisions on identical cases, or for different judges to differ or disagree in their decisions on identical cases. Each judge has his or her own backgrounds, beliefs, and tolerance. This makes prediction of howShow MoreRelatedMandatory Minimum Sentences For Violent Offenders1728 Words   |  7 Pagesterm incarceration is not considered suitable. Applying mandatory minimum sentences for violent offenders, recidivists or habitual offenders, sex offenders and offenders targeting the weak, children or elderly is considered appropriate as they increase the level of risk in society if let free. 6. The sentencing policy should follow due process considerations, such as ensuring that offenders with similar situations are sentenced similarly, that reasonable notice is provided to the accused with referenceRead MoreSentencing Of The Criminal Code1414 Words   |  6 Pageswhat degree of punishment the offender will face once convicted of a crime. Through the analysis of facts with regards to Nina’s case, this paper will identify and examine the main objectives of sentencing. Furthermore, this paper will explore both aggravating and mitigating factors, along with sentencing options that will help determine an appropriate sentence for Nina. Main Objectives of Sentencing Section 718 of the Criminal Code provides both the purpose of sentencing, as well as specific objectivesRead MoreHistory Of Discretion And Plea Bargaining971 Words   |  4 Pagesprosecution making â€Å"deals† until an agreement is reached on a sentence for the offender. Often times, plea bargaining leads to an offender pleading guilty for a lesser sentence than a sentence obtained from being convicted in trial (Thistlethwaite 2014). Plea bargains can be controversial because some people feel the offender should be punished fully for the crime(s) they have committed (â€Å"Plea† 2016). For example, if the offender pleads guilty to robbery and assault, rather than getting sentenced sevenRead MoreSentencing Of A Jail Or Prison Sentence1598 Words   |  7 Pagesdefinite. But offenders are allowed to be released after they have served their time. Determinate sentences were almost exclusively used throughout the eighteenth century and it was believed that judges were the best people to determine the amount of time needed to punish the offender and to deter them from further crimes. Judges were granted the power to determine sentencing also took much discretion away from the judges. Determinate sentencing takes any question of bias out of the sentencing portionRead MoreThe Effects Of Mandatory Sentencing On The United States Essay1273 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States prison population has grown seven-fold over the past forty years, and many Americans today tend to believe that the high levels of incarceration in our country stem from factors such as racism, socioeconomic differences, and drugs. While these factors have contributed to the incarceration rate present in our country today, I argue that the most important reason our country has such a high incarceration rate is the policy changes that have occurred since the 1970s. During this timeRead MoreFactors That Lead To Recidivism1353 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Question/Objective: What are some factors that lead to recidivism of female juvenile offenders? The objective to this question is to find out whether sexual abuse and environmental factors lead to recidivism amongst girl juvenile offenders. These are two factors that have not been researched enough amongst juvenile offenders and can be addressed to help guide these girls to a better path in their lives. Recidivism: Recidivism is when a convicted criminal has the tendency to reoffend. ItRead MoreThe Sentencing Phase Of A Criminal Case902 Words   |  4 PagesSentencing After a defendant is convicted or pleads guilty, a judge will then decide a suitable punishment (or sentence) during the sentencing phase of a criminal case. There are varying outcomes that can influence sentencing offenders, they can range from probation and community service to prison and even the death penalty. Minor infractions, misdemeanors, or offenders who plead guilty usually get sentenced almost immediately after ones convictions. In complex criminal cases such as serious feloniesRead Moreeffectiveness of the criminal justice system when dealing with young offenders1344 Words   |  6 Pagessystem when dealing with young offenders The criminal justice system approaches young offenders through unique policies to address the challenges of dealing with juvenile offending. They take special care when dealing with juveniles in order to stop them from repeat offending and stop any potential bad behaviour which could result in future. Juveniles have the highest tendency to rehabilitate and most adopt law-abiding lifestyles as they mature. There are several factors influencing juvenile crime includingRead MorePunishment Philosophies1704 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract The processes by which justice is applied are determined largely by proposed punishment philosophies. These express various concerns and arguments regarding appropriate sentencing and treatment. The philosophy of rehabilitation dominates the proceedings of juvenile courts, and is heavily scrutinized at an adult level, or when the criminal behavior of juveniles continues to accelerate, but when successful is most beneficialRead MoreIt s Time For Re Think Mandatory Minimums1607 Words   |  7 Pagesand crack swept the nation leaving many wondering what could be done to eliminate this problem that reached everywhere from small town middle America to the larger metropolitan areas. It has always been the common acceptance that by putting more offenders in jail, crime statistics will decrease. This belief led congress to enact the anti-drug abuse act of 1986. At first, it was believed that this seemed to work, due to there being a â€Å"5% drop in crime in the 1990’s † (Chettiar). While according to

Classical Architecture Essay - 595 Words

Classical Architecture The West has always put a great emphasis on how beholden it is to many cultural and political institutions derived from Classical Antiquity. This has been most consistent in aesthetic conceptions of art and architecture. Many monuments and architectural traditions of the West derive directly from ancient sources, in an attempt to link the ideals of modern life with those of ancient Greece and Rome. Nowhere is this more evident than in the capitol of the United States where a Neo-Classical style predominates. The Lincoln Memorial built in 1822 embodies the conscious attempt to sanctify an American President with a classical model. It was based upon the quintessential classical building of the Parthenon. The†¦show more content†¦The Parthenon has served as an architectural model on which to instill the connection between the Ancient and Modern worlds. It is no wonder that the young American Republic would latch onto the Neo-Classical ideal that dominated European aesthetics for the first half of the 19th century. They wished to both sanctify a fallen leader and idealized man, and make a conscious connection with the first democratic society. They chose the Parthenon as their model precisely because it serves as the climax of the Greek political and artistic lives. Lincoln would be sitting within a recess behind fluted columns, much like the venerated statue of Athena within the Parthenon by the sculptor Pheidias. This temple structure dedicated to Lincoln simultaneously venerates an American President and links him with every core Classical ideal by its modeling the design of the Parthenon. American architects seemed to be insinuating that the capitol of the new Republic was a new Athens. This was politically, as a democratic Republic, and culturally as the supposed exemplar of the liberal humanist vision of the free citizen. A monument like the Lincoln Memorial coalesced what the Republic desired itself to stand for. The same thing transpired in 5th century BCE when Pericles pushed for the rebuilding of the Acropolis, and the Parthenon. Its sculpturesShow MoreRelatedClassical Greek Architecture On Modern Architecture959 Words   |  4 PagesClassical Greek Architecture in Carlisle The influence of Classical Greek Architecture on modern architecture is evident all over Pennsylvania. Carlisle, in particular, is full of old buildings that utilize the styles of the Greek Classical Period. The Old Cumberland County Courthouse is a perfect example of how the architectural styles of the Classical Period have been carried out through time. This building is a historical landmark, located in downtown Carlisle, which was built in 1846 and currentlyRead MoreEssay on Classical Architecture: An Everlasting Imprint1205 Words   |  5 PagesBoth buildings contain entrances with wide porticos that lead into the building. 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What Frank Gehry was trying to say in simple terms was our culture cannot do without proper appreciation of its classical roots and it goes without saying that the Romans and Greeks have influenced art and architecture with its classical style in a number of different ways. Allow me to give a definition for the word classical. â€Å"Classical† refers to any art or architecture modelled after ancientRead MorePlato s Classical Athenian Architecture, Drama, And Arts1762 Words   |  8 Pagesfamilies. Besides being born into an illustrious family, Plato was born into an illustrious city. He was born in the wake of Athens’s Golden Age, the period that had witnessed Athens’s the beginning of the strongest Greek power, the birth of classical Athenian architecture, drama, and arts. His father Ariston died when he was a child. His mother Perictione remarried the poli tician Pyrilampes. 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Community Nursing for HIV and AIDS- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCommunity Nursing for HIV and AIDS. Answer: Community nursing is a sector of nursing which deals with a population of people with a particular diseases or a disorder such as wounds, HIV and AIDS, cancer and other. Community nurses provide nursing services to people with serious illness either at home or in hospitals. Community nurses mostly attend to patients who are very sick in order to save their lives. Community nurses apply the principles of equity in providing health care to their patients, and this is done in accordance with law in order to ensure fair service provision to the patients. Community nurses provide guidance and counseling to communities and population affected by serious illnesses. The community is made aware of the circulating diseases and how to protect themselves against these diseases. Community nurses come up with attempts to protect and promote health care to the affected communities which is done through seminars and gatherings. A community nursing is trained and well equipped with health care inform ation which is given by doctors. A community nurse therefore can be a trained person, who is used by the doctors and other clinicians to create awareness on an important issue to either a community or public. Community nurses are therefore very important to communities and populations affected by HIV. This is because people affected by HIV are neglected in many communities, though they need care and protection. The principles of equity in health care ensure that very patient is able to get the available resources; the available resources are well utilized in order to reach each patient. It also ensures that every patient gets quality health care services (Li, L., Leeet al, 2009). Community nurses ensures that communities affected by HIV acquire equity by attending seminars and gathering, whereby they guide and counsel them on burning issues in their communities. The community nurses work hand in hand with doctors to utilize the available health care facilities to ensure that communities affected by HIV get quality services since they are prone to conducting the disease if their health care is not well catered for. In the sector of directing people to adopt healthier lifestyles, Community nurses direct communities affected by HIV on how to live health sexual lifestyle. This prevents the spreading of HIV among the communities. The community nurses also teach the community on the regular checkups in order to be aware of their health conditions (Swendeman et al, 2009). They also educate the communities affected by HIV on good dietary conditions in order to keep them health and also boost their immunity systems (Cianelli et al, 2008). People affected with HIV tend to have a kind of low immune system hence there is need for diet which is able to boost their immune. The communities where these people live have the responsibility of ensuring that the diet of people infected with HIV is balanced enough to boost their immunity. The community may be unaware of which diet is needed hence the community nurses have a responsibility of creating awareness to the affected communities on balanced diet. Community nursing targets key populations, for example commercial sex workers, who are venerable to contacting HIV, and who may not be able to get special health care, as a result of self-stigma and also stigmatization to them by the communities where they live. Principles of equity in nursing health care enable community nursing to handle different cases affecting communities affected by HIV (Baral et al, 2013). Principles of equity in health care nursing require improvement of living standards and working environment. Community nurses create awareness to communities affected by HIV on how they should live and work with people infected with HIV. They work towards improving the living standards of communities affected by HIV to ensure that they live in good conditions. The principles of equity require health care nurses to be committed to their work. Community nurses need to be committed to their work (McMichael et al, 2010). This can be done by avoiding distraction which may come on their way. Where community nurses are committed it becomes easy to reach different communities. Since communities affected by HIV need special health care, community nurses need to be committed to ensure that these communities are well attended and that all their health care needs are met. This is because communities affected by HIV are prone to conducting the disease and also need to know how to take care of the affected people; hence their health care providers need to be committed enough, in order to reach their needs. Community nurses should ensure that their patients are able to access quality services. It is a duty of community nurses to ensure that communities affected by HIV can access quality services. This is done through involving the government and the non-governmental organizations that can back up them with funds. Community nurses can also involve intergovernmental organizations for back up since HIV is a worldwide disaster (Celletti et al, 2010). The government can provide essential services such as drugs needed. It can also provide moral and capital services to the affected families, hence ensuring that affected communities access equality in health care. Community nurses should work hand in hand with other health care providers to ensure that communities affected by HIV get the best health care. They should be updated to new information about HIV. These new information is passed to the affected community. The community nurses can also invent new ways of creating awareness to the affected communities (Selke et al, 2010). for example, in a case where the other health care providers report an increased number of people infected with HIV, the community nurses invent new ways of creating awareness which can reduce the number people affected by HIV (Thompson et al, 2008). Incase the community nurses receive positive information from the community headquarters, they become sure hat that they are at least doing something helpful to the society. A society that shows improvement by reducing the population of the HIV infected people is one that puts in practice everything that they are taught buy the community nurses. The nurses therefore get n ew strength and some morale to keep the community updated on any new information from the government, and also from the world health organization. Living with the community nurses around is important in different ways. They reach the infected on the ways of relating with other people, more so the affected. They must accept themselves since contracting HIV does not mean that one is unable to work normally (Mill, 2009). That is not the case since being a HIV victim does not take away the ability of a person (Hirsch et al, 2011). It should however be a motivating factor to those who contract the virus, and opted to let everything go. Those who get strength should therefore accept themselves and act as life role models who should mentor others. Once the infected see real life examples of their fellow victims doing their daily activities normally, they envy them and gain strength (Celletti et al, 2010). The government should therefore give chance to those HIV victims who feel free to share their experience with the infected to encourage the ones who have lost hope in life. They sold allow them to accompany the community nurses who s hould introduce them to them to the community. Should not be private and so other affected people should also be included in the crowd. The advices given by the HIV victims will in one way or the other be of great help to everybody, it may strengthen the rest of the people who were almost losing hope I life. Giving mediation to the infected is as important as keeping them informed. There is no was just a piece of advice can keep an infected person alive without taking the right medication. The government should therefore ensure that they give the right doses of medicine to the infected all through. The community nurses should have the exact number of infected people in the society, to enhance efficiency in the distribution (Allender et al, 2010). The community nurses should also ensure that the infected take their medicines accordingly, and finish their doses in time. Sometimes, female victims become busy with their daily chores, thus forgetting to take their drugs. It becomes dangerous since they may contract other different diseases. Since their immunity is low, it becomes difficult for it to fight other foreign infections. That is the reason behind many deaths of HIV victims in todays society. The community nurses should ensure that they remind the victims on the dosage, all through, to help reduce the mortality rate of those people. There are special groups and organizations which deal with HIV and aids victims. These groups assist the infected and the affected too, and can therefore take over when need arises. These groups include the world health organization, the non-governmental organization, and the government itself. The three groups work hand in hand, though independent, to ensure that the patients get the best facilities and assistance ever (Lundy at al 2009). For example, the world health organization ensures that it donates free nutritious foods to the infected, which assist them and boost their immunity. The food is specialized for the infected, and has no side effects top the health of any other normal human being (Stangl et al, 2013). The food is distributed equally to all the patients, after which they are advised on ho w to cook. The organizations also offer private clinics for the HIV victims, which have flooded all over the world. The special clinics have representatives and nurses who are also HIV positive (Holtet al, 2012). In case they are HIV negative, the government ensures that they are confidential and thus keep the secrets of other people. The representatives ensure that they add medication to the patients once their prior dose is finished. The representatives also take some tests to ensure that the patients do not contract a new form of HIV, which might be dangerous to the health of the victims. The government ensures that no information about the HIV victims has been disclosed o the public. Disclosure of such sensitive information to the public may interfere with the well being f the infected people, and May affect their daily life negatively (Basavanthappa, 2009). Once such information is reveled in the public, the victims may lose jobs; or rather lose a chance at an application for a job. Some children also lack school since the institutional leaders are not willing to accept such people in their schools (Sullivan et al, 2012). The government therefore ensures that strict laws are set governing the secrets of the victims. Anybody who reveals such information faces the law in charged since he or she tarnishes the good name of a person, thus destroying their entire lives. There are other people who enter into the country, commonly known as refugees. Refugees always feel misplaced and mistaken. They therefore contact different diseases. The government should therefore take up the responsibility of taking care of them and ensuring that they get the right medication. Hygiene should be ensured in their areas of residence, to avoid the contraction of other serious diseases such as cholera, typhoid and bilharzias. References Lundy, K. S., Janes, S. (2009). Community health nursing. Jones Bartlett Learning. Clark, M. J. (2015). Community health nursing. Basavanthappa, B. T. (2008). Community health nursing. Jaypee Brothers Publishers. McEwen, M., Pullis, B. C. (2009). Community-based nursing. Saunders/Elsevier. Allender, J. A., Rector, C. L., Warner, K. D. (2010). Community health nursing. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins,. Crawford, P., Brown, B., Majomi, P. (2008). Professional identity in community mental health nursing: A thematic analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45(7), 1055-1063. Celletti, F., Wright, A., Palen, J., Frehywot, S., Markus, A., Greenberg, A., ... Samb, B. (2010). Can the deployment of community health workers for the delivery of HIV services represent an effective and sustainable response to health workforce shortages? Results of a multicountry study. Aids, 24, S45-S57. Selke, H. M., Kimaiyo, S., Sidle, J. E., Vedanthan, R., Tierney, W. M., Shen, C., ... Wools-Kaloustian, K. (2010). Task-shifting of antiretroviral delivery from health care workers to persons living with HIV/AIDS: clinical outcomes of a community-based program in Kenya. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 55(4), 483-490. Celletti, F., Wright, A., Palen, J., Frehywot, S., Markus, A., Greenberg, A., ... Samb, B. (2010). Can the deployment of community health workers for the delivery of HIV services represent an effective and sustainable response to health workforce shortages? Results of a multicountry study. Aids, 24, S45-S57. Baral, S. D., Poteat, T., Strmdahl, S., Wirtz, A. L., Guadamuz, T. E., Beyrer, C. (2013). Worldwide burden of HIV in transgender women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet infectious diseases, 13(3), 214-222. Swendeman, D., Ingram, B. L., Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (2009). Common elements in self-management of HIV and other chronic illnesses: an integrative framework. AIDS care, 21(10), 1321-1334. Li, L., Lee, S. J., Thammawijaya, P., Jiraphongsa, C., Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (2009). Stigma, social support, and depression among people living with HIV in Thailand. AIDS care, 21(8), 1007-1013. Holt, M., Rawstorne, P., Wilkinson, J., Worth, H., Bittman, M., Kippax, S. (2012). HIV testing, gay community involvement and internet use: social and behavioural correlates of HIV testing among Australian men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 16(1), 13-22. Thompson, S. C., Greville, H. S., Param, R. (2008). Beyond policy and planning to practice: getting sexual health on the agenda in Aboriginal communities in Western Australia. Australia and New Zealand health policy, 5(1), 3. Mill, J., Edwards, N., Jackson, R., Austin, W., MacLean, L., Reintjes, F. (2009). Accessing health services while living with HIV: Intersections of stigma. CJNR (Canadian Journal of Nursing Research), 41(3), 168-185. Sullian, P. S., Carballo-Diguez, A., Coates, T., Goodreau, S. M., McGowan, I., Sanders, E. J., ... Sanchez, J. (2012). Successes and challenges of HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. The Lancet, 380(9839), 388-399. Hirsch, J. D., Gonzales, M., Rosenquist, A., Miller, T. A., Gilmer, T. P., Best, B. M. (2011). Antiretroviral therapy adherence, medication use, and health care costs during 3 years of a community pharmacy medication therapy management program for Medi-Cal beneficiaries with HIV/AIDS. Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy, 17(3), 213-223. Cianelli, R., Ferrer, L., McElmurry, B. J. (2008). HIV prevention and low?income Chilean women: machismo, marianismo and HIV misconceptions. Culture, health sexuality, 10(3), 297-306. Stangl, A. L., Lloyd, J. K., Brady, L. M., Holland, C. E., Baral, S. (2013). A systematic review of interventions to reduce HIV-related stigma and discrimination from 2002 to 2013: how far have we come?. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 16(3). McMichael, C., Gifford, S. (2010). Narratives of sexual health risk and protection amongst young people from refugee backgrounds in Melbourne, Australia. Culture, health sexuality, 12(3), 263-277.